TYPES OF TEXT IN ENGLISH

TYPES OF TEXT IN ENGLISH

1.         NARRATIVE TEXT

            Narrative text is a piece of writing that tell about story of imajination, and real incident or Narrative text is a text the telling of a story; the succession of events is given in chronological order.

a. Examples of Narrative Texts

            There are many types of narrative. They can be imaginary, factual or a combination of both. They may include fairy stories, mysteries, science fiction, romances, horror stories, adventure stories, fables, myths and legends, historical narratives, ballads, slice of life, personal experience, Detective stones, folktale

b. Communicative Purpose

            The basic purpose of narrative is to entertain, to gain and hold a readers' interest. However narratives can also be written to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinions e.g. soap operas and television dramas that are used to raise topical issues. Narratives sequence people/characters in time and place but differ from recounts in that through the sequencing, the stories set up one or more problems, which must eventually find a way to be resolved.

c. The Organization of a Narrative Text

            A narrative text can have as many paragraphs as you want. However, it mainly consists of three parts : The orientation, sequence of events / complications and resolution.

-          Orientation

      Presents the settings of your story and introduces the charaters involved. Example : One day, once upon a time, last year, long time ago

-          Complications / Conflict

      Conflict is Crisis of story. The story continues here. Usually, there will be an event or a sequence of events that lead the characters into a complication (some form of conflict that disrupts the normal event). Tension starts to build up to a climax, and this draws anticipation in the readers. Example : First, Second, Then

-          Resolution

                The problem starts to get resolved. Sometimes the story ends happily or vice versa, and at other times the resolution (i.e. the ending of the story) is left for the readers to decide. Example : Finally, Last, The end of the story.

The graphic representation of these story grammar elements is called a story map. The exact form and complexity of a map depends, of course, upon the unique structure of each narrative and the personal preference of the teacher constructing the map.

d. Grammatical features related to narrative texts

-          Action Verbs

-          Adjectives

-          Connestors related to time and sequence

-          Pronouns

-          Punctuation

-          Simple Past Tense

-          Adverbs

-          Compound and Complex Sentences

2.         DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

            Descriptive text is a text that describes the features of someone, something, or a certain place. Descriptive writing is usually used to help a writer develop an aspect of their work, e.g. to create a particular mood, atmosphere or describe a place so that the reader can create vivid pictures of characters, places, objects etc.

a. Examples of Descriptive Texts

            This type of descriptive are landscape descriptions, description of a character or setting

within a story.

b. Communicative Purpose

            Description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to:

• describe a special place and explain why it is special
• describe the most important person in your life

c. The Organization of a Descriptive Text

            A descriptive text is comprised of general identification and description.

-          Identification

            Identifies/introduction of phenomenon to be describe.

-          Description

            Describe the characteristic of phenomenon.

d. Grammatical Features Related to Descriptive Texts

-          Simple Present Tense

-          Comparative Degree

-          Adjectives

-          Adverbs

3.         REPORT TEXT

            A report or account is any informational work (usually of writing, speech, television, or film) made with the specific intention of relaying information or recounting certain events in a widely presentable form. A report provides factual information about a spesific subject like social phenomenon (e.g. riot, demonstration, unemployment), nature (e.g. earthquakes, rain, storm, living things – animals) and man-made. The factual information provided in the report text is objective.

a. Examples of Report Texts

            Reference books, science reports, weather reports

b. Communicative Purpose

            Reports are often used to display the result of an experiment, investigation, or inquiry. Also, The  purpose of report is to inform about a specific subject. The audience may be public or private, an individual or the public in general. Reports are used in government, business, education, science, and other fields.

Reports use features such as graphics, images, voice, or specialized vocabulary in order to persuade that specific audience to undertake an action.

c. The Organization of a Report Text

            A report text is comprised of general classification and description.

-          General Classification

      Opening statement that introduces the subject.

-          Description

      Supporting paragraphs that describe the subject in detail in order to assist the readers to get more understanding / more knowledge about the subject (e.g. its qualities, appearances, habits or behaviors, uses, etc).

d. Grammatical Features Related to Report Texts

-          Simple Present Tense

-          Adjectives

-          Pronouns

-          Adverbs

-          Compound and Complex Sentences

-          Quantifiers

4.         RECOUNT TEXT

            A recount is a piece of writing that tells events in a chronological sequence. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative. A recount text is like a narrative text in that you have to write a story, but in a recount the story is real. The story may be an event or a situasion that took place on a particular day, and you are the narrator of the whole event. The order of the events is very important.

a. Examples of Recount Texts

            Article, police report, newspaper reports, historical accounts, letters, journals, incident reports, diary entries.

b. Communicative Purpose

            Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience or to record or provide factual information or to give someone an account of an event happened in the past.

c. The Organization of a Recount Text

            A recount test consists of 3 main parts: orientation, events and re-orientation.

-          Orientation

            This part presents the background information on yhe who, when, and where of the event or Introducing the participants, place and time.

-          Events / Sequence of events

            The events are presented in chronological order or Describing series of event that happened in the past.

-          Re-orientation / Conclusion

      The event starts to end, and the writer may provide an opinion of what has happened.

d. Grammatical Features Related to Recount Texts

-          Action Verbs; look, go, change, etc

-          Adjectives

-          Connectors to do with time and sequence

-          Pronouns

-          Punctation

-          Past Tense

-          Adverbs

-          Compound and Complex Sentences

-          Linking Verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc

5. PROCEDURE TEXT

            A Procedure is a piece of writing which consists of instruction in the form of steps to enable the the readers to follow or text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps.

a. Examples of Prosedure text

            Recipe, instruction manual, science experiment.

b. Communicative Purpose

            it explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps or to tell / record in sequential order the steps taken in doing or making something.

c. The Organization of a Procedure text

-          Goal

      Goal is title of the text. An opening statement with an objective.

-          Materials (not required for all prosedural text)

      List of materials or items needed in the process in the steps

-          Steps

      A series of steps listed in a logical order which will be carried out to achieve the goal. Steps is ways, methods or what you should do.

d. Grammatical Features Related to Procedure Texts

-          Adjectives

-          Connectors to do with sequence

-          Quantifiers

-          Present Tense

-          Imperative Verbs

-          Nouns

-          Temporal Conjuction (First, second, then, next, finally, etc)

6. NEWS ITEM

            News item is a type of the text that has the main function or communicative purpose to inform readers of listeners or viewer about events of the day that are considered newsworthy or important.

a. Examples of  News Item Text

            This type of News Item test is Latest news

b. Communicative Purpose

            To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

c. The Organization of a News Item text

            The generic structure of news item has elements as follows.

-          Headline/ title

      The main point to report in reduced clause.

-          Summary of event

     

      The summary of main event that is to be reported.

-          Background of event

      The explanation about what had happened (who, what, when, where).

-          Source

      Someone’s about the event.

d. Grammatical Features Related to News Item Texts

-          Action verb

-          Saying verb

-          Adverb : place, manner, time.

7. SPOOF

            A spoof is an amusing story that tells events in a chronological sequence. It is a humorous story with a twist / unexpected ending.

a. Example of Sppof Texts

            Short story and dialog writing.

b. Communicative Purpose

            To entertain the readers with an amusing story.

c. The Organization of a Spoof Text

-          Orientation

      Presents the background information of the story : who, when, and where the story happened.

-          Events

      The body tells the events that took place in order.

-          Twist / Unexpected Ending

      The event ends with an unexpected turn.

d. Grammatical Features Related to Spoof Texts

-          Action Verb ; ate, ran, etc

-          Adjective

-          Connectors to do with time and sequence

-          Pronouns

-          Punctuation

-          Simple Past Tense

-          Adverbs

-          Compound and Complex Sentences

8. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

            An important part of analytical exposition is the analysis of the text or issue. In this type of text, the writer tries to convince the readers to agree with the writer’s point of view. Analytical exposition is a type of text that belongs to the type of argumentation text where the text contains detailed author’s thinking about a phenomenon that is around.

a. Examples of Analytical Exposition Texts

            Newspaper editorials, debates, speeches.

b. Communicative Purpose

            To put forward a point of view or argument or the opinions that support the idea or topic.

c. The Organization of an Analytical Exposition Text

            An anlytical expositon consists of three main parts: thesis, arguments, and reiteration.

-          Thesis

      Intriduces topic and indicates writer’s position. The writer also outlines the main arguments to be presented.

-          Arguments

      Shows a series of arguments that support the thesis. Analytical exposition have more than two arguments. The more arguments appear, the more confident the reader.

-          Reiteration

                  In this stage, the writer restates his/her point of view. Reiteration contains rewriting or replacement of ideas that contained in the first paragraph. Reiteration is also commonly called the conclusion.

d. Grammatical Features Related to Analytical exposition Texts

-          Simple Present Tense

-          Passive Voice

-          Modal Auxiliaries

-          Verbs and Verb Phrases

-          Connectors

-          Evaluative Expressions

-          Internal and Casual Conjuction

-          Relational process

9. HORTATORY EXPOSITION

            A hortatory exposition is a piece of writing that persuades the readers to accept the writer’s point of view. Thw writer has to lead the readers to agree with his views by showing the information in a logical way. The writer focuses on his own constuctive response to the issue and draws the readers to agree with his argument. What makes hortatory different from analytical exposition is the last finalizing step which analytical exposition is ended by a reiteration while hortatory exposition is finalized by certain a recommendation

a. Examples of Hortatory Exposition Texts

            Political speeches, advertisements and newspaper editorials

b. Communicative Purpose

            To persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case or to persuade the readers to agree with the writer.

c. The Organization of an Hortatory Exposition Text

-          Thesis

            Statements or announcement of issue concern

-          Argument

                  Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation or presents the reasonable arguments of the issue to convince and lead the readers to believe writer’s point of view.

-          Recommendation

      Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments.

d. Grammatical Features Related to Hortatory exposition Texts

-          Action Verbs

-          Modal Adverb; certainly, surely, etc.

-          Temporal Connective ; firstly, secondly, however, therefore, etc.

-          Evaluative Word ; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc.

-          Passive Voice.

-          Simple Present Tense.

-          Modals and Adverbs ; may, must should, etc.

-          Emotive Words ; worried, alarmed, etc.

-          Qualify statements ; usual, probably, etc.

10. EXPLANATION TEXT

            Explanation text is a text genre which tries to explain how a thing happens or why the thing is made. Explanation textactually is similar to procedure text, however, explanation text tends to explain. While the procedure text is intended to instruct how to form or make something.

a. Examples of Explanation Texts

            The life cycle of a butterfly, and how gears work

b. Communicative Purpose

            To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or sociocultural phenomena.

c. The Organization of Explanation Text

-          General statement

      stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.

-          Sequenced explanation

      stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.

d. Grammatical Features Related to Explanation Texts

-          Using specific participant e.g.  sun, water, rain, etc

-          Chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc

-          Simple Present Tense

-          Action verbs

-          Passive voice

-          Noun phrase

-          Adverbial phrase

-          General and abstract noun

-          Conjunction of time and cause-effect.

11. DISCUSSION TEXT

   Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different points of view. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue.

a. Examples of Discussion Texts

            This kind of text is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text

b. Communicative Purpose

            To present arguments and information from differing viewpoints.

c. The Organization of Discussion Text

-          Issue

            contains of statement and preview about something.

-          Arguments for / Supporting arguments

            after stating the issue, it is necessary to present the argument to support that one point is agreeing.

-          Arguments against

            beside the supporting argument, discussion text need the arguments which disagree to the stated issue.

-          Recommendation/conclusion

            It is used to tell how to solve issue by concerning the arguements for and against.

d. Grammatical Features Related to Discussion Texts

-          Present Tense

-          Introducing category or generic participant.

-          Relating verb/to be: is, am, are, etc.

-          Using thinking verb: feel, hope, believe, etc.

-          Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection: similarly, on the hand, however, etc.

-          Using modalities: must, should, could, may, etc.

-          Using adverbial of manner: deliberately, hopefully, etc.

-          Conjunction/transition: although, even, if, etc.

12. REVIEW TEXT

            Review text is an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie, video game, musical composition, book; a piece of hardware like a car, home appliance, or computer; or an event or performance, such as a live music concert, a play, musical theatre show or dance show.

a. Examples of Review Texts

            The kind of text are commentary on a film, play, book etc

b. Communicative Purpose

            Review text is used to critic the events or art works for the reader or listener, such as movies, shows, book, and others

c. The Organization of Review Text

-          Orientation

      Background information of the text

-          Evaluations

      Concluding statement; judgement, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist or more than one.

-          Interpretative Recount

      Summary of an art works including character and plot.

-          Evaluative Summation

      The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.

d. Grammatical Features Related to Review Texts

-          Focus on specific participants

-          Using long and complex causes

-          Using metaphor style

13. ANECDOTE TEXT

            Anecdote text is one of the English text of the Narration which retells odd incident or unusual occurrence either fact or imagination.

a. Examples of Anecdote Texts

            This kind of text is Funny story and humor

b. Communicative Purpose

            Actually, from notion Text anecdote above we can infer the communicative purpose of the text anecdote recounted the incident odd or unusual events to entertain the reader.

c. The Organization of Anecdote Text

            There are 4 linguistic structure (Generic Structure) of anecdote Text, namely:

-          Abstract

            The first linguistic structure of the Abstract Text anecdote. In the Abstract, the author usually starts introducing odd or unusual events what would diceritakanya. There are a number of anecdote Text Abstract begins with the use of interrogative sentence, but not all of anecdote Abstract Text using interrogative sentence.

-          Orienation

            Structure of the second language of the anecdote Text Orientation. As in Narrative Text, Text Orientation in anecdote also tells whom, when, and where the incidence of odd or unusual events occurred.

-          Crisis

            The third linguistic structure of anecdote Text is Crisis. In this section telling the odd or unusual events occurred. The author described the events in detail.

-          Reaction / Incident

            The last linguistic structure of anecdote Text is Coda. In the Coda, the author tells the story of how the subject (doer) to solve the problem and end on odd or unusual event such.

d. Grammatical Features Related to Anecdote Texts

-           Past tense ; I found it last night.

-           Rhetoric question ; Do you know what?

-           Conjuction of time ; then, afterward, etc.

-           Action verb ; went, writed, etc.

-           Imperative sentece ; listen to this.

-           Exclamation sentence ; it's awful, it's wonderful, etc.