TYPES OF TEXT IN ENGLISH
1. NARRATIVE
TEXT
Narrative text is a piece of writing
that tell about story of imajination, and real incident or Narrative text is a text the telling of
a story; the succession of events is given in chronological order.
a. Examples of Narrative Texts
There are many types of
narrative. They can be imaginary, factual or a combination of both. They may
include fairy stories, mysteries, science fiction, romances, horror stories, adventure stories, fables, myths and legends, historical narratives, ballads, slice of life, personal experience, Detective
stones, folktale
b. Communicative Purpose
The
basic purpose of narrative is to entertain, to gain and hold a readers'
interest. However narratives can also be written to teach or inform, to change
attitudes / social opinions e.g. soap operas and television dramas that are used to raise topical issues.
Narratives sequence people/characters in time and
place but differ from recounts in that through the sequencing, the stories set
up one or more problems, which must eventually find a way to be resolved.
c. The Organization of a Narrative Text
A
narrative text can have as many paragraphs as you want. However, it mainly
consists of three parts : The orientation, sequence of events / complications
and resolution.
-
Orientation
Presents
the settings of your story and introduces the charaters involved. Example : One
day, once upon a time, last year, long time ago
-
Complications / Conflict
Conflict is Crisis of story. The story
continues here. Usually, there will be an event or a sequence of events that
lead the characters into a complication (some form of conflict that disrupts
the normal event). Tension starts to build up to a climax, and this draws
anticipation in the readers. Example : First, Second, Then
-
Resolution
The problem
starts to get resolved. Sometimes the story ends happily or vice versa, and at
other times the resolution (i.e. the ending of the story) is left for the
readers to decide. Example : Finally, Last, The end of the story.
The graphic representation of these story grammar elements is called a
story map. The exact form and complexity of a map depends, of course, upon the
unique structure of each narrative and the personal preference of the teacher
constructing the map.
d. Grammatical features related to narrative
texts
-
Action Verbs
-
Adjectives
-
Connestors related to time and sequence
-
Pronouns
-
Punctuation
-
Simple Past Tense
-
Adverbs
-
Compound and Complex Sentences
2. DESCRIPTIVE
TEXT
Descriptive text is a text that
describes the features of someone, something, or a certain place. Descriptive writing is usually used to help a writer develop an aspect of their work,
e.g. to create a particular mood, atmosphere or describe a place so that the
reader can create vivid pictures of characters, places, objects etc.
a. Examples of Descriptive Texts
This type of descriptive are landscape descriptions, description
of a character or setting
within a story.
b.
Communicative Purpose
Description
is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person,
place, object or event e.g. to:
- describe a special place and explain why it is special
- describe the most important person in your life
c. The Organization
of a Descriptive Text
A descriptive text is
comprised of general identification and description.
-
Identification
Identifies/introduction of phenomenon to be describe.
-
Description
Describe
the characteristic of phenomenon.
d. Grammatical Features Related to Descriptive Texts
-
Simple Present Tense
-
Comparative Degree
-
Adjectives
-
Adverbs
3. REPORT
TEXT
A report or account is any informational work (usually of
writing, speech, television, or film) made with the specific intention of
relaying information or recounting certain events in a widely presentable
form. A
report provides factual information about a spesific subject like social
phenomenon (e.g. riot, demonstration, unemployment), nature (e.g. earthquakes,
rain, storm, living things – animals) and man-made. The factual information
provided in the report text is objective.
a. Examples of Report Texts
Reference books, science reports, weather reports
b. Communicative Purpose
Reports are often used to display
the result of an experiment, investigation, or inquiry. Also, The purpose of report is to inform about a
specific subject. The audience may be public or private, an individual or the
public in general. Reports are used in government, business, education,
science, and other fields.
Reports use
features such as graphics, images, voice, or specialized vocabulary in order to
persuade that specific audience to undertake an action.
c. The Organization of a Report Text
A report text is comprised of general classification and
description.
-
General Classification
Opening statement that introduces the
subject.
-
Description
Supporting paragraphs that describe the
subject in detail in order to assist the readers to get more understanding /
more knowledge about the subject (e.g. its qualities, appearances, habits or
behaviors, uses, etc).
d. Grammatical Features Related to Report Texts
-
Simple Present Tense
-
Adjectives
-
Pronouns
-
Adverbs
-
Compound and Complex Sentences
-
Quantifiers
4. RECOUNT
TEXT
A recount is a piece of writing that
tells events in a chronological sequence. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates
from narrative. A recount text is like a narrative text in that you have to
write a story, but in a recount the story is real. The story may be an event or
a situasion that took place on a particular day, and you are the narrator of
the whole event. The order of the events is very important.
a. Examples of Recount Texts
Article,
police report, newspaper reports, historical accounts, letters, journals,
incident reports, diary entries.
b. Communicative Purpose
Its
purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience or to record or
provide factual information or to give someone an account of an event happened
in the past.
c. The Organization of a Recount Text
A
recount test consists of 3 main parts: orientation, events and re-orientation.
-
Orientation
This
part presents the background information on yhe who, when, and where of the
event or Introducing the participants, place and time.
-
Events /
Sequence of events
The
events are presented in chronological order or Describing series of event that
happened in the past.
-
Re-orientation
/ Conclusion
The event starts to end, and the writer
may provide an opinion of what has happened.
d. Grammatical Features Related to Recount Texts
-
Action Verbs;
look, go, change, etc
-
Adjectives
-
Connectors
to do with time and sequence
-
Pronouns
-
Punctation
-
Past Tense
-
Adverbs
-
Compound and
Complex Sentences
-
Linking Verb;
was, were, saw, heard, etc
5. PROCEDURE TEXT
A
Procedure is a piece of writing which consists of instruction in the form of
steps to enable the the readers to follow or text that is designed to
describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps.
a. Examples of Prosedure
text
Recipe, instruction manual, science
experiment.
b. Communicative Purpose
it explains how people perform
different processes in a sequence of steps or to tell / record in sequential
order the steps taken in doing or making something.
c. The Organization of a
Procedure text
-
Goal
Goal
is title of the text. An opening statement with an objective.
-
Materials (not required for all prosedural text)
List
of materials or items needed in the process in the steps
-
Steps
A
series of steps listed in a logical order which will be carried out to achieve
the goal. Steps is ways, methods or what you should do.
d. Grammatical Features
Related to Procedure Texts
-
Adjectives
-
Connectors to do with sequence
-
Quantifiers
-
Present Tense
-
Imperative Verbs
-
Nouns
-
Temporal Conjuction (First, second, then, next,
finally, etc)
6. NEWS ITEM
News item is a type of the text that has the main function or communicative
purpose to inform readers of listeners or viewer about events of the day that
are considered newsworthy or important.
a. Examples of News Item Text
This
type of News Item test is Latest news
b. Communicative Purpose
To inform readers or listeners about
events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
c. The Organization of a
News Item text
The
generic structure of news item has elements as follows.
-
Headline/ title
The main point to report in reduced clause.
-
Summary of event
The summary of main event that is to be reported.
-
Background of event
The explanation about what had
happened (who, what, when, where).
-
Source
Someone’s about the event.
d. Grammatical
Features Related to News Item Texts
-
Action verb
-
Saying verb
-
Adverb :
place, manner, time.
7. SPOOF
A spoof is an amusing story that
tells events in a chronological sequence. It is a humorous story with a twist /
unexpected ending.
a. Example of Sppof
Texts
Short story and dialog writing.
b. Communicative Purpose
To entertain the readers with an
amusing story.
c. The Organization of a
Spoof Text
-
Orientation
Presents
the background information of the story : who, when, and where the story
happened.
-
Events
The
body tells the events that took place in order.
-
Twist / Unexpected Ending
The
event ends with an unexpected turn.
d. Grammatical Features
Related to Spoof Texts
-
Action Verb ; ate, ran, etc
-
Adjective
-
Connectors to do with time and sequence
-
Pronouns
-
Punctuation
-
Simple Past Tense
-
Adverbs
-
Compound and Complex Sentences
8. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
An important part of analytical
exposition is the analysis of the text or issue. In this type of text, the
writer tries to convince the readers to agree with the writer’s point of view. Analytical exposition is a type of text that belongs to the type of argumentation
text where the text contains detailed author’s thinking about a phenomenon that
is around.
a. Examples of
Analytical Exposition Texts
Newspaper
editorials, debates, speeches.
b. Communicative Purpose
To
put forward a point of view or argument or the opinions that support the idea
or topic.
c. The Organization of an Analytical Exposition Text
An
anlytical expositon consists of three main parts: thesis, arguments, and
reiteration.
-
Thesis
Intriduces topic and indicates writer’s position. The writer
also outlines the main arguments to be presented.
-
Arguments
Shows a series of arguments that support the thesis. Analytical
exposition have more than two arguments. The more arguments appear, the more
confident the reader.
-
Reiteration
In
this stage, the writer restates his/her point of view. Reiteration contains
rewriting or replacement of ideas that contained in the first paragraph.
Reiteration is also commonly called the conclusion.
d. Grammatical Features Related to Analytical exposition Texts
-
Simple Present Tense
-
Passive Voice
-
Modal Auxiliaries
-
Verbs and Verb Phrases
-
Connectors
-
Evaluative Expressions
-
Internal and Casual
Conjuction
-
Relational process
9. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
A
hortatory exposition is a piece of writing that persuades the readers to accept
the writer’s point of view. Thw writer has to lead the readers to agree with
his views by showing the information in a logical way. The writer focuses on
his own constuctive response to the issue and draws the readers to agree with
his argument. What makes hortatory different from analytical exposition is the
last finalizing step which analytical exposition is ended by a reiteration while
hortatory exposition is finalized by certain a recommendation
a. Examples of
Hortatory Exposition Texts
Political speeches, advertisements
and newspaper editorials
b. Communicative Purpose
To
persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the
case or to persuade the readers to agree with the writer.
c. The Organization of an Hortatory Exposition Text
-
Thesis
Statements or announcement of issue concern
-
Argument
Reasons
for concern that will lead to recommendation or presents the reasonable
arguments of the issue to convince and lead the readers to believe writer’s
point of view.
-
Recommendation
Statement of what should or
should not happen or be done based on the given arguments.
d. Grammatical Features Related to Hortatory exposition Texts
-
Action Verbs
-
Modal Adverb; certainly,
surely, etc.
-
Temporal Connective ;
firstly, secondly, however, therefore, etc.
-
Evaluative Word ;
important, valuable, trustworthy, etc.
-
Passive Voice.
-
Simple Present Tense.
-
Modals and Adverbs ;
may, must should, etc.
-
Emotive Words ; worried,
alarmed, etc.
-
Qualify statements ;
usual, probably, etc.
10. EXPLANATION
TEXT
Explanation text is a text genre which tries to explain how a thing happens
or why the thing is made. Explanation
textactually is similar to procedure
text, however, explanation text tends to explain. While
the procedure text is intended to instruct how to form or make something.
a. Examples of Explanation
Texts
The
life cycle of a butterfly, and how gears work
b. Communicative Purpose
To explain the processes
involved in the formation or working of natural or sociocultural phenomena.
c. The Organization of Explanation Text
-
General statement
stating
the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
-
Sequenced explanation
stating
a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
d. Grammatical Features Related to Explanation Texts
-
Using specific participant e.g.
sun, water, rain, etc
-
Chronological connection;
to begin with, next, etc
-
Simple Present Tense
-
Action verbs
-
Passive voice
-
Noun phrase
-
Adverbial phrase
-
General and abstract noun
-
Conjunction of time and
cause-effect.
11. DISCUSSION
TEXT
Discussion is a text which presents a
problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different points of view. It
presents pro
and contra opinion on certain issue.
a. Examples of Discussion
Texts
This kind of
text is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text
b. Communicative Purpose
To present arguments and information from differing
viewpoints.
c. The Organization of Discussion Text
-
Issue
contains
of statement and preview about something.
-
Arguments for / Supporting arguments
after stating the issue, it is necessary to present the
argument to support that one point is agreeing.
-
Arguments against
beside the supporting argument, discussion text need the
arguments which disagree to the stated issue.
-
Recommendation/conclusion
It is used to tell how to solve issue by
concerning the arguements for and against.
d. Grammatical Features Related to Discussion Texts
-
Present Tense
-
Introducing category or generic participant.
-
Relating verb/to be: is,
am, are, etc.
-
Using thinking verb: feel, hope, believe, etc.
-
Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection: similarly, on the hand,
however, etc.
-
Using modalities: must, should, could, may, etc.
-
Using adverbial of manner: deliberately, hopefully, etc.
-
Conjunction/transition:
although, even, if, etc.
12. REVIEW TEXT
Review text is an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie, video game,
musical composition, book; a piece of hardware like a car, home appliance, or
computer; or an event or performance, such as a live music concert, a play,
musical theatre show or dance show.
a. Examples of
Review Texts
The
kind of text are commentary on a film, play, book etc
b. Communicative Purpose
Review
text is used to critic the events or art works for the reader or listener, such
as movies, shows, book, and others
c. The Organization of Review Text
-
Orientation
Background information of the
text
-
Evaluations
Concluding statement; judgement,
opinion, or recommendation. It can consist or more than one.
-
Interpretative Recount
Summary of an art works
including character and plot.
-
Evaluative Summation
The last opinion consisting the
appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.
d. Grammatical Features Related to Review Texts
-
Focus on specific
participants
-
Using long and complex
causes
-
Using metaphor style
13. ANECDOTE TEXT
Anecdote
text is one of the English text of the Narration which retells odd incident or
unusual occurrence either fact or imagination.
a. Examples of
Anecdote Texts
This
kind of text is Funny story and humor
b. Communicative Purpose
Actually,
from notion Text anecdote above we can infer the communicative purpose of the
text anecdote recounted the incident odd or unusual events to entertain the
reader.
c. The Organization of Anecdote Text
There
are 4 linguistic structure (Generic Structure) of anecdote Text, namely:
-
Abstract
The
first linguistic structure of the Abstract Text anecdote. In the Abstract, the
author usually starts introducing odd or unusual events what would
diceritakanya. There are a number of anecdote Text Abstract begins with the use
of interrogative sentence, but not all of anecdote Abstract Text using
interrogative sentence.
-
Orienation
Structure
of the second language of the anecdote Text Orientation. As in Narrative Text,
Text Orientation in anecdote also tells whom, when, and where the incidence of
odd or unusual events occurred.
-
Crisis
The
third linguistic structure of anecdote Text is Crisis. In this section telling
the odd or unusual events occurred. The author described the events in detail.
-
Reaction / Incident
The
last linguistic structure of anecdote Text is Coda. In the Coda, the author
tells the story of how the subject (doer) to solve the problem and end on odd
or unusual event such.
d. Grammatical Features Related to Anecdote Texts
-
Past
tense ; I found it last night.
-
Rhetoric
question ; Do you know what?
-
Conjuction
of time ; then,
afterward, etc.
-
Action
verb ; went, writed, etc.
-
Imperative
sentece ; listen to
this.
-
Exclamation
sentence ; it's awful,
it's wonderful, etc.
